HUMAN BODY ANATOMY PICTURES

In principle, if we use the so-called grid method to draw the human figure, we would need very little knowledge of the anatomy of the figure. Good observation (or "seeing") together with the support of the grid suffices to render an anatomically consistent drawing.

However, using the grid method implies that we have a photograph of the subject so that we can draw a grid on it. If you want to draw people on the fly (for example, in the mall or a restaurant) the grid method does not apply. It is here that your anatomical knowledge will come in handy.

Why is this so? Well, it is a fact that all surface features (i.e., the forms the artist is supposed to draw) of the body are determined by what lies beneath the surface. That means, the forms to be drawn are determined by the underlying bone and muscle structures. So, a minimal understanding of those underlying features is in order.

Anatomical knowledge lets you draw every feature of the body with more confidence. Also, when for some reason (e.g., lack of time or clarity) you cannot directly observe certain aspects of the figure you are drawing, you can fill in the gaps by relying on your anatomical knowledge. In fact, this knowledge should serve you well even when using the grid method. Sometimes it is difficult to sort out the different coalescing forms. Very often, observation together with anatomical knowledge will allow you to solve the puzzle.

Anatomy can be studied in many different ways. One logical approach is to start with the bone structure. We could learn the minimum amount about the bone structure necessary to go to the next step, i.e., the muscle structure. From the muscle structure we can easily progress to the surface features it represents. So, a logical progression to study the anatomy of a certain body feature is (1) study the underlying bone structure, (2) from here glide into the study of the corresponding muscle structure, and (3) finally, see how the bone and muscle structures shape the surface feature itself.

It is to be understood that the study of anatomy for the artist is not the same as a "medical" treatise. The point is that for the artist it is the surface feature that is ultimately of concern. Therefore, everything you learn about anatomy should be in function of the ultimate goal, i.e., improving the artist's ability to draw the surface features of the body.

A word of caution. Drawing the correct anatomy should never become a goal in itself. It should remain an aid to being convincing in your drawings. In other words, there is no gain in trying to be anatomically correct at all costs if you are going to loose your identity in the process. Ultimately, through much practice, your anatomical knowledge should become second nature and be incorporated in your style. Your style should not be cramped by trying to be anatomically correct. The body is more than just anatomy. The sum of the parts is always more than the parts by themselves.

Step 1

Decide whether you are passionate about human anatomy and physiology and whether you are willing to commit yourself to this goal. Do you feel that you can commit passionately to the study of anatomy; do you feel a fire burning inside you? If yes, you are good to go. If no, maybe this is not for you and you should find another goal to pursue.

Step 2

Commit to hard work and studying many hours to learn the basics.

Step 3

Find good study material and resources that can teach you the basics.

• The question may then be what makes for good study material. There are many anatomy books and human anatomy courses available on the internet. Search for something that has been written by an expert with detailed illustrations, human anatomy diagrams and drawings, and pictures. Make sure the lesson plans are easy to follow with lesson objectives, simple explanations summary of key facts and revision exercises and solutions to check your understanding.


• The second question should then be, as a minimum what should be covered in the anatomy course. Obviously it should cover anatomy and then physiology and both the anatomy and physiology lessons should be broken into lessons that cover the different body systems. Medical terminology is very important and a good course will make the learning of medical terminology simple.

Step 4

Decide how to study. Now this will be easy if you have a good human anatomy course to follow, just follow the lesson plan in the human anatomy course. Further remember that the human body is made up of various systems for example the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system and so on. These systems ultimately work as a whole and interact in many ways with each other. Firstly you need to study the structure of each system, then the functions of each system and then the connections and interactions between the systems.

Step 5

Buckle down and study system by system. Your course material should support your learning by supplementing each module with illustrations, human anatomy diagrams and drawings, pictures, associations, quizzes and programmed learning. Remember to regularly test your knowledge and use as many tools as possible to help you remember what you learn.

Step 6

Once you've covered all the anatomy and physiology or workings of each body system look at the connections and interactions between the systems and it is time to see the human body as a whole. A good human anatomy course will integrate these systems and elements for you seamlessly.

Step 7

Continue to read and continue to learn.

These seven steps can be implemented by you too! Yes, learning anatomy and physiology is a hard work but if you are passionate about human anatomy, it is really worth the time and effort. I would like to leave you with my final thought - it may take you some years to learn human anatomy but mastering the it will take a lifetime of dedication...

I remember being about 10 and sitting with a book turning transparencies over one by one building layers of the body. On top of the illustration of the skeleton were several pages of the viscera placing the organs in their proper location. Next were diagrams of the nerves, the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, the muscles going into place and finally layers of skin and hair. We were, of course, fascinated by the different organs of the male and female anatomy.

The oldest three of us also saw real brains and organs when Dad "babysat" for us at the anatomy lab where he was dissecting his cadaver. I still remember him dipping his hand into a vat of fluid and pulling out this "thing" telling is companion, "He had a funny shaped brain, didn't he."

We'd also viewed slides under the microscope that had stains of bacteria, blood cells and more. Because we were so fascinated by the slides, he gave us our own little set to play with. He was very clear we weren't to touch the others.

I'm sure you've seen many pictures of the human body and all its organs. You've also seen photos of cells and diagrams of the smallest parts of the cell. Then there are the representations of the atoms with the electrons and neutrons circling the nucleus.

You've seen enough to be able to imagine what's underneath your skin down to the cellular level.

I was almost 40 when I learned there were not only physical parts of the body we could see through medical means, there are also energy parts of the body some could see through what is called higher sense perception.

The energy body also has its gross anatomy down to its correlation to the cellular level. We have the capabilities to measure the effects of the energy body and to freeze the aura in time through a photograph, but we only have drawings of what the energy body looks like.

Just as you have a skin, you also have what is called the aura. There are layers of the aura each coming from a part of the energy body knows as chakras. Generally, seven layers of the aura are discussed in relationship to seven different chakras.

The seven basic chakras begin at the base of the spine and move up the body. The seven layers of the healthy aura begin at the skin and extend out to your finger tips if you were to extend your arms as far as can.

Just as each organ in your body has a structure, each aura has a type of structure. Layers 1, 3, 5 and 7 have a more organized structure than layers 2, 4 and 6. When you learn to feel the layers, and yes, you can learn, the odd numbered layers feel firmer, more organized, than the even numbered layers. The best way I can describe the even numbered layers is they feel more like going through a fog.

The chakras themselves have layers. Within each chakra is the energy of each of the other chakra. The first level of the chakra, which relates to the first chakra, is the one closest to the spine. The seventh level, correlating to the seventh chakra, is the outer level.

Within the body the energy anatomy continues with the 12 major meridians and numerous acupuncture points along those energy channels. When a meridian is blocked, there are physical repercussions.

One of the more common blockages is experienced by women who have C-sections or hysterectomies. They will complain of extreme indigestion since the surgery. The surgeons, not aware of or interested in the meridians, say the indigestion is not a result of the surgery. In fact it is the direct result of cutting the meridian. Repair the meridian and the indigestion goes away.

The smallest structures in the energy field are known as encodements. Think of these as being the computer operating system of your life. The encodements determine your likes and dislikes, gifts and challenges and more. Just as with other parts of your energy anatomy, you are also able to work with encodements and change or repair them.

If you need to fix something within your physical body, you go to someone with the skill and training to do so. There are also those trained in working with the energy body. Acupuncturists are the most widely known. Others are trained in working with various parts of the energy body, just as physical health care practitioners work with various aspects of the physical body.

At present, diagrams and software for the body can give detailed images that are capable of showing everyone parts of the body that might not have been seen previously by patients or even students within the medical line of work. The human anatomy diagrams exhibit the complexity of the critical organs and give views of cells and tissues. They give an in depth image of the human composition,in turn will help students, teachers, and medicinal professionals.

One of the most complicated tasks that health professionals face throughout their interaction with patients is helping them understand the problems and how to encourage them concerning the diagnosis and remedy available. All of this has been made much easier due to the assistance of human anatomy diagrams.

At this stage, doctors can effortlessly explain to the patients the issues of their body, which was troublesome to do when using pictures that are two dimensional. Now they can benefit from the diagrams,charts and software to help on a daily basis so that patients understand the diagnosis and the exact location of their problematic area.The visual presentation is also beneficial to the patient as it makes her or him less stressed about the possibilities, especially when he or she is not in understanding of human anatomy.

With difficult surgeries it is from time to time a demanding task for doctors. With the help of the detailing provided by the human anatomy diagrams and software, they can without difficulty help themselves and others with the surgical procedures to come. The sequences, which are in no way witnessed with our bare eyes, can promptly be illustrated in these reproductions. It is also very easy to inspect all parts of the body in fantastic detail.

The bottom line is that this program gives you access to years of study with lessons and course resources,human anatomy diagrams and even tests and solutions.It also contains everything that you will have to know to pass your nursing or paramedic training class.This is a must have for everyone in the paramedic and EMT fields,an injury law attorney or even chiropractors and therapists.

Basic Eye Anatomy

The eye consists of 11 basic parts, all of which have a vital role in the vision process. The basic anatomy of the eye includes the iris, cornea, pupil, lens, sclera, ciliary body, choroid, optic nerve, macula, retina and vitreous. Light enters through the cornea, which is the region of the sclera that is transparent. It provides the eye with the power to focus and is also the part of the eye where contact lenses are placed. The color of your eye, or the colored iris, is located behind the cornea and is visible only because the cornea is transparent.

In the center of the iris is the pupil, which is the dark and round opening in the center. It has control over how much light enters into the eye by dilating the size of the pupil in conditions of dim light and constricting in conditions of bright light. The lens also provides some focusing power within the eye and is located directly behind the pupil. The shape of the lens changes to bring objects into focus-such as when you are reading-and muscles contract that are located in the ciliary body. After a while, the muscles lose the ability to change shape and the lens becomes rigid which leads to a need for glasses.

Light images are converted into electric pulses by photosynthesis cells that make up the retina. These electric pulses then travel to the brain through the optic nerve. Fine detailing is accomplished by the macula, which is a specialized area that is located in the center of the retina. The clarity of vision is determined by a combination of factors: the length of the eye and the focusing power of both the lens and the cornea. Vision is clear if these three factors match perfectly together; when they do not, this creates vision problems.

Sclera

The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the protector of more sensitive parts of the inner eye, such as the choroid and the retina. Most of the depth of the sclera is 0.03-inch thick, but it is no more than 0.01-inch thick where the straight eye muscles connect. There are six muscles in each eye that control the movements, but four are referred to as the straight eye muscles. The sclera is nourished with nutrients and oxygen through blood vessels located in the episclera, which is located on top of the sclera.

Choroid

The choroid provides the retina with a nourishment of nutrients and oxygen through a network of blood vessels. It is located within the sclera and is responsible for providing the anterior part of the optic nerve as well as the macula with the blood supply they depend on. When there is an abnormal growth of blood vessels, an eye condition called macular degeneration occurs, beginning in the choroid and going to the retina through the Bruchs Membrane. Because of a weaker structure, this causes edemas due to the bleeding or rupturing of the weakened vessels.

Retina

The retina is in the back of the eyeball and is the light-sensitive tissue that contains two types of light receptors: cones and rods. The cones generally absorb the stronger light and are color-sensitive, located in the retina's center. The rods absorb black and white in soft light and are next to the fovea. Retinal detachment, or amotio retinae, is a serious eye condition that produces symptoms such as light flashes or vision loss that can lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated.

Iris

The iris has control over how much light enters into the eye; the muscles of the iris sphincter with contract with strong light and will dilate with dim light. The diameter of the iris expands when focusing on an object far away and narrows when focusing on near objects-this is called the accommodation reflex. The eye color is a direct relation to the type and amount of pigments in a person's iris. Green is the least common color while brown is the most common.

Cornea

The cornea covers the anterior chamber, the pupil and the iris. It is transparent and contains two-thirds or 40 of the 60 diopters in the eye. It is supplied with nutrients and oxygen through tear fluid instead of blood vessels, which explains why it is so clear. Blood vessels can appear in the cornea though if there is an oxygen deficiency which can happen from overusing contact lenses. This can cause partial vision loss if the vessels grow too close to the center. Surgical procedures can be performed to correct eye conditions of the cornea such as astigmatism, hyperopia and myopia.

Pupil

The pupil is the hole in the center of the eye that absorbs major parts of light, which is the reason it is black. When they appear red in pictures, it is due to the reflection of the retina.

Vitreous Body

This part of the eye is located behind the lens and fills the eye with a clear and gel-like substance. The vitreous body shrinks as you gets older and can detach from the retina as the body decreases in size. Vitreous body detachment is generally not a dangerous condition, but can become dangerous if it drags along the retina.

Lens

One-third of the eye's diopters obtain their power in the lens while the remainder is in the cornea. The lens is the part of the eye that allows you to change focus depending on the distance of an object whether it is across the room or directly in front of your face. It is attached to zonula threads which are attached to the ciliary body. When focusing on a near object, the ciliary body contracts, which allows the zonula threads to loosen and the lens to increase its acuity by thickening in diameter while contracting. Cataracts is an eye condition that is age-related and results in blurry vision as the most common symptom. The treatment for cataracts is generally surgically removing and replacing the lens.

Ciliary Body

The ciliary body contains the ciliary muscle, which is responsible for controlling the vision accommodation reflex. The body is also an attachment point for the zonula threads and produces aqueous fluid.

Optic Nerve

The optic nerve is responsible for sending signals to different areas of the brain from the eye in order to create images. It consists of about one million nerve threads and the nerves from both eyes are connected behind them so that the left field of vision is sent to the right hemisphere of the brain and vice verse.

Macula

The macula consists of visual cells that are closely packed resulting in high visual acuity, or high image resolution. These cells are not as closely packed around the macula as they are inside of the actual macula, but they control how well the peripheral vision works and is good enough for it to work properly. Macular degeneration is a common eye disease that occurs among the elderly and is separated into two categories: wet and dry. Wet is more serious than dry, but is also treatable with FDA-approved drugs while dry is not treatable and is the most common.

Parts of the Human Anatomy

Study guides for anatomy help you to learn and remember all the parts of the human anatomy and physiology. Most college courses start an anatomy course with an introduction to basic human physiology, which is also what a software college anatomy study guide should focus on to help students and professionals ease into the learning process. Each part of the human body should be introduced, starting from the most basic level of the physiology of cells and tissues, continuing with the musculoskeletal system and ending with the different parts and structures of the human central nervous system.

A college anatomy study guide will also help you learn everything in-between, such as about the special senses, the respiratory and urinary system, as well as the reproductive system. For the skeletal system, software study guides for anatomy can help you learn how each of the skeletal groups interacts and the proper names for each bone in the human body. As you can see, a reliable college anatomy study guide should teach you all of the things that a typical college course would.

Using the Software's Resources

Perhaps the best thing about study books for anatomy is that a study guide will help break down issues concerning the human body and physiology so that anyone can understand them with clarity. Instead of lumping the systems together, a software study guide for human anatomy presents modules or sections for each of the human body anatomical and physiological systems. Having each system and part of the body broken down into smaller modules helps you to learn at your own pace, and it also ensures that you don't get anything mixed up.

When you're looking for a college anatomy study book, the best types are those that come with detailed illustrations. Computer-learning software should contain accurate-looking graphics, pictures, diagrams, and possibly even animations of the human body. Learning with these types of resources from a software study book differs primarily from a textbook as it separates the different information first before putting it all together, which is incredibly helpful to anyone learning the human anatomy.

All things considered, a college anatomy study book provides an excellent complement to actual college courses, or can even act as a stand-alone course if you need to learn about the human body quickly for your profession. With the multiple learning modules and software resources, these study guides for anatomy are essentially detailed cheat-sheets that will save thousands of dollars compared with other options.

Human anatomy and physiology is not that easy to comprehend. One would really have to understand each body organ and learn to discover how one can significantly affect the other organs' functions. Several approaches are made in teaching the said subjects. Conventionally, a teacher-students' discussion in a classroom setting will be observed. Nowadays, most learning institutions have also been starting to utilize a laboratory where preserved body parts or organs may be found. This is one great way for students to better appreciate the course. Film or animated presentations will also be a great help. Furthermore, you may also make use of some detailed and colorful pictures as well. This is an effective tool especially among the little ones who tend to comprehend what they visually perceive more. However, some educators may at times experience the difficulty of where to find human anatomy and physiology pictures. Basically, illustrations regarding the body and its body functions are commonly seen among science and medical text books.

You may also visit local book stores for other published sources like health magazines and journals. Charts regarding the body's anatomy and physiology may also be available as school supplies or merchandises among local stores. In addition, you may also utilize the internet. Several online websites serve as a huge library for every inquiry. You'll surely find one with just some keyboard and mouse clicks.

All in all, it is important to never limit yourself when it comes to learning. Whether you are a medical student, an educator or simply a person who wants to explore more about his surroundings and others, human anatomy and physiology will definitely be an interesting topic to explore on. So what are you waiting for? Grab a textbook or seek some local book stores or online websites for some further references!

Why Study Human Anatomy?
There are many reasons why you may have an interest in the human anatomy. First, if you're a pre-med or full medical school student then you'll need to study human anatomy throughout your college career and understand it as thoroughly as possible. Besides college and med school students, though, many other professions use knowledge of the human anatomy. Sports therapists use it to treat muscle and joint groups of athletes and injury lawyers may need it when communicating an argument to the jury. Even if you're a stay-at-home-mom or dad then chances are you'll need to know about the different bones and systems of the body at the very least when taking care of your children.

Simply put, understanding human anatomy allows you to make better choices about your future and the kinds of activities you engage in. A human physiology study guide can not only help you to learn in-depth about the human person, but it can help you understand why this type of information may be useful for you.

Study Book Compared to Other Learning Methods
Using a human physiology study book may not be the only option to learn about and study anatomy, but it is perhaps one of the most useful. For starters, a well-written and composed anatomy self-taught course should cover not just a few of the body's systems, but all of them from the skeletal system all the way to the reproductive system. In addition, a human physiology study guide should use simple explanations to guide a student's understanding of the human body instead of complex notes and lectures that are more common for that of a college professor to use.

Characteristics of a Good Human Anatomy Study Guide
In addition to the basic workbook learning formats, the specialty software included with a physiology study guide should help you study anatomy in a more efficient way. Illustrations on CDs, three-dimensional reference guides with accurate pictures, and labeled structures of the human body are only a few of the advantages of using a thoroughly-composed human physiology study guide.

All things considered, a human physiology study guide is able to help anyone learn at a faster pace, but at your own rate during convenient times throughout the week. With specialty software guides, simple explanations, and in-depth structures of the human body to help, pretty much anyone can study human anatomy quickly and efficiently.

The first thing you need to know is that there are two types of images: there's the diagrams, which will show you how the heart works by representing it with a drawing; and there's the actual pictures of the heart.

As for the first one, the diagrams, they're regularly used in books and websites since they are a very faithful representation of the different parts of the heart and allow for you to really find how the human heart works. Medicine students more commonly use the actual pictures of the human heart only as the main focus is for them to be able to identify the different parts of the heart in a real life situation.

The actual photos are harder to find and for the regular user (and even for students, for the most part) there's really no use for them, which is why the divulgation is smaller.

Where Can I Get Pictures of the Human Heart?

We have compiled some of these pictures from all the categories. This way you'll be able to check a full diagram to be able to tell apart the different divisions of the heart (and by reading a bit more on the anatomy of the heart you'll be able to know exactly what each of those divisions do).

You'll then be able to check a real heart photograph for you to try and identify what you see in the diagram in it. As you'll realize it's not easy to do so unless you practice for a little bit.

Using these pictures will allow you to understand a bit more about how the heart works and the importance that your heart has for your body. It's a vital organ and one you can't live without.

Are There Better Pictures of the Human Heart?

Probably there are, but for education purposes those should be enough for you to fully understand how your heart works and what the circulation system comprises of.

Heart conditions are a major issue and the primary reason for deaths in America, meaning that taking good care of your heart should be a priority for you. The little things make a difference whether it is working out once a week or eat more vegetables instead of fatty foods.

The main issue with heart problems is that it's very hard to detect them and act fact enough for them to have reduced effects. When the first heart attack occurs, there's usually too much heart muscle that has died that other heart conditions are very likely to happen.

These pictures of the human heart can also become a wake-up call as to how fragile this vital organ really is.

o First of all memorizing the term and its meaning is very similar to learning a foreign language. That's why I have borrowed a tip to remember the words. Take a bunch of index cards and write down a term on one side of the card and its meaning on other side of it. Do it with all the terms you need to memorize. Now going through the cards one by one flipping them makes it much easier to memorize the terms. Alternate back and forth until you can give the meaning or the term and then look at the definition first and name the term.

o Second tip that was extremely helpful for me is to have some visualization of the human anatomy. You know that people receive the large portion of information from environment through eyes. Pictures and diagrams are good help. But I found even better solution. There are some pieces of software that show the three dimensional human skeletal and muscular structure. Never underestimate the power of animation. You will be surprised how easier it makes memorizing the bones and muscles of human body.

1
TAI JUTSU – Natural Movement Heritage
Hatsumi Sensei began our instruction in Amatsu principles by explaining two
important fundamental concepts. He explained that the study of Gairon and Tai Jutsu
were connected and vital to our ability to receive his teaching. Without understanding
these principles, we could not continue.
Gairon is the underpinning or foundation of Amatsu. He describes this essence as
sensing the interconnectedness of all things in the universe. Gairon also interprets as
seeing the whole picture and its thread in any given situation.
“Gaia the Greek goddess of the earth.” “The relationship between the
biosphere and Gaia is like that between your body and you. The biosphere is
the three dimensional geographic region where living organisms exist. Gaia is
the super organism composed of all life tightly coupled with the air, the oceans
and the surface locks.” Lovelock, J. GAIA A New look at life on Earth.
Precafe PXI

Tai Jutsu is more than just a skill or body movement, it is a feeling, an essence born
from nature.
He explained to us that without Tai Jutsu (Natural Movement), then nothing would
exist in the universe. This applies to weather patterns, water flow, opening of flowers
and human development.
The Hichi Buko Goshin Jutsu tradition holds the secret of the opening of flowers, the
very essence of life on our planet.
Victor Schauberger a natural scientist describes it in the following way:
“Were water actually what hydrologist deem it to be – a chemically-inert
substance-then a long time ago there would already have been no water and no
life on this Earth. I regard water as the blood of the Earth. Its internal
process, while not identical to that of our blood, is nonetheless very similar. It
is this process that gives water its movement. I would compare this inner
motion, the origin of all possible physical movement, to that of a blossoming
flower bud. As it unfolds, it creates a vortex-like crown of petals, in the centre
and at the end of which stands the true secret of motion-life in statu nascendi,
in the form of a concentration of movement”.
Viktor Schauberger
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

Hi Chi Buko Goshin Jutsu
The school of the secret of the opening flower. The secret of the opening flower is the
interplay of nature’s forces of compression and tension in a state of equilibrium. The
expression of the opening of the flower is the bias of the dynamic power of tension
from within and the interplay of compression from without, giving form to the flower.
In the coming into being as form, the tension inside the flower overcomes the
compression of gravity and external force keeping it as a bud. As with all three
dimensional form being part of the Kyu Jutsu cycle of 50/50 balance (a concept of
balance between insubstantial and substantial form existing as one entity.) Being in
form is the footprint of its past and the precursor of its eventual degeneration. This is
the Ko/Ku cycle of birth/death creation and destruction of earthly form.

Victor Schauberger a natural scientist in the 1930’s describes this form from a watery
origin as our very metamorphis, the coming into being of form.
The form that evolves from the metamorphis of water is built from its liquid prestress
intelligence. Biological structures come into form from a liquid or water origin with a
prestress intelligence to withstand the stresses of compression and tension. As life on
earth, this can manifest as life in air with gravity or underwater depending on its
ecological circumstances.

This ease of evolvement in nature follows the concept of doing more with less known
as “ephemerialisation”. From these origins, any evolvement can be explained through
the science now known as Biotensegrity.

Dr. Stephen Levin’s research in Biotensegrity holds the view that the body is a
tensegrity truss system with tension members provided by a matrix of connective
tissues, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and fascia.
In this model, the bones are considered as spacers, not weight bearers along with
incompressible fluids giving shape and form to a soft tissue entity.
In keeping with this theory of the body being a soft tissue continuum, Hatsumi Sensei
demonstrated to us the concept of a one point therapeutic protocol. This was possible
because of the principle of Gairon utilising the interconnectedness of all the biological
structures of our bodies.

“The continuity or global interconnectedness of the living matrix is essential
to the understanding of the body and the role of energetics in health and
disease”. Oschman, J. Energy Medicine (P232)
He taught us that to apply pressure on one point affected all parts and explained that
with the body movement “Tai Jutsu” you were able to follow the torsional directions
of vulnerable or damaged tissue. He explained that these points of interaction were
known as Kyusho, where change at one point had a critical effect on the whole.
Water in its structured form is enclosed in the body in fascial compartments. It helps
to provide shock absorption and holds shape of a tissue. The different densities of
liquids contribute to their form as either a sol or gel.
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

Therefore, as we move from liquid state to a denser tissue determines how the tissue
reacts. This effect carries on through all tissues from fascia to bone.
To begin to understand how these concepts relate to Amatsu and natural movement
power we need to gain an understanding and awareness of the natural flow of energy
and the forces of nature, both on a tangible and intangible level.
In the cycle of precipitation, water falls from the clouds in the form of rain or snow
and eventually finds its way back to the sea. Water falls from the sky and flows
downhill due to the force of gravity. Once in the sea, water rises in the form of
vapour overcoming gravity via evaporation. As it moves, it forms clouds, which are
then driven, back over land where the process starts all over again.
This cycle involves FU (wind), SUI (water) and the natural forces and energies of
gravity and heat. This is a natural example of the interaction of wind and water
following the laws of attraction and minimal energy.

When we choose to ignore nature or work against it, the consequences can be both
unhealthy and energy consuming.
In modernised society, people sit, walk, drive and work in mechanically orientated
patterns. Even in sports you see repetitive and biased movement sequences. This
leads to many postural and musculo-skeletal strain patterns in the body.
Many occupations give rise to repetitive strain injuries that bring pain and
incompetence to our bodies.
Natural movement strategies are low energy consuming, omni directional, flexible
and simple.
To come to an understanding of natural movement principles we need to look at
available scientific data.
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

Our role as therapists examining Ampuka (organ ecology) is to identify these
restrictions and their anatomical implications. From their organ sites, we can follow
lines of tension involvement to come to an understanding of their symptomatic and
anatomico-physiological patterns.
This helps to understand cause/effect factors and possible postural biases contributing
to a given pathology.
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

Standard methods of evaluating the body were based on Newtonian physics but this
model does not fit our upright bipedal movement against gravity.
Newtonian physics can measure and calculate the strength of structures and the
stresses they become subject to.
In the construction of buildings, especially tall structures, gravity plays a big part in
their stability. The downward compressive force of gravity holds the structure in
place.
This works well until you want to add a horizontal structure to the upright one. This
horizontal structure adds a shear stress to the building and requires reinforcement.
Any additional stresses due to wind or earth tremor complicate the system even
further.
It’s estimated that if the human frame were constructed according to these rules, the
head would be too heavy for the spine to handle. All this before we even begin to
move in three-dimensional space.
Unfortunately, the body is still reviewed and described in outmoded mechanical
anatomical terms. Until the concept of Biotensegrity, the laws describing anatomical
movement were according to Newtonian principles.
Gravity Creates Stability Shear Stress
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

In a tensegrity structure, compression elements float in the interspace of the tension
wires. In the body, this would relate to the vertebrae in the spine. Each subsystem
(vertebrae, disc and soft tissue) would be a subsystem of the spines meta system, like
the beehive analogy.
When viewed in this way you can understand their role in balancing tension and
compression when stress is applied to the human frame. Extracts from ‘Spine’ state
of the Art Reviews Vol , No 2, May 1995, Hanley and Belfast, Philadelphia, Ed
Thomas Deman M.D
Loads applied to the body distribute their pressure through the network of tension
elements to create a balance. Even a pressure load to a small bone will distribute the
load through the whole system.
A natural movement strategy in tensegrity truss architectural form is the closest
explanation of nature’s laws at work in the human frame.
Human beings are the only creatures that need to be taught to more naturally.
Hatsumi Lectures 1995

This bio tensegrity makes the art of upright walking against gravities compression an
effortless act for the human. In Newtonian principles when we walk the meta tarso
pharangeal junction is described as a fulcrum for the whole body weight to project
itself forward in a step.
In a lever system you can only pull down. Muscles when they contract in the body
can only pull us downward. Therefore when the small muscles in the feet contract the
downward pull generated cannot give enough power for a lever such as the meta tarso
pharyngeal joint.
This puts a whole new complexion on the natural movement principles that Hatsumi
explained to us.
Bones floating in a compression, tension network can form into trusses and extend out
from the body like a bridge. This makes the body a weight mover not a weight
bearer. So in walking and especially when your on one leg, the balanced tension
maintains the integrity. “Hatsumi says that you must learn to float in your walk”
Hatsumi (2003).

Dr. Stephen Levin in his research of Biotensegrity has studied the pelvis and its
ligamentous arrangement and likened it to a spoked wheel. The pelvis remains
balanced to forces acting both from above and below with long levers. Even the act
of standing on one leg does not compromise this structure of support.
Viewed from the front the pelvis can be likened to the same bicycle wheel analogy.
Diagrams with kind permission of
Dr. Stephen Levin
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

If you imagine the bicycles wheel as being twisted it forms a leminiscate giving rise
to the paired innominate bones. The sacrum still in the centre is represented by the
hub. The tensegrity across such a structure gives omni directional stability and
power.
Even the balance of the sacrum between the two iliac bones is supported by soft tissue
elements.
To liken the pelvis to an arch suggests that the sacrum is fixed like a locking stone in
a Roman arch or flying buttress.

Form Fit Force Fit
This would require either a form fit or a force fit to secure it in place. Both of these
methods require a lot of friction and are not omni directional flexible and low energy
systems.
The boot mechanism of the sacrum is covered with a slippery surface making form fit
or force fit impractical.
The sacrum actually hangs in front of the pelvis and the angle would simple fall
forward. The tiny movements possible at the boot mechanism articulation also follow
a leminiscate pattern and mirror the pelvic analogy to a twisted bicycle wheel.
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

These movements can only be made possible in a tensegrous truss system. Levin. S,
(2005).
The ligaments and soft tissues are “constructed with soft visceoelastic
materials that behave non linearly” Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and
Biology Vol 2,3 and 4, 375-388 World Scientific Publishing Co.
The difference between a mechanical structure and a human in motion is this nonlinear
flexibility of choice in movement.
“In Newtonian physics a four dimensional universe is often described as a
giant clockworks in three dimensional space manifesting linear processes in
time” Power Vs Force D, Hawkins. (2002)
In other words, movement of a structure is determined by a concept of causality.
One-step sequentially leading to the next in mechanical formation.
The human frame is not ruled by this concept and is capable of nondeterministic,
omni directional change inside of movements. This is like changing the formation of
a step when you realise you are going to trip
In the mechanical structure, movement can be created by a cogged mechanism. With
cogs of different sizes and working at different speeds, movement can be created to
drive machines. For example, smaller cogs influencing larger wheels can drive a
windmill.
In any system like this, there is a critical point where a small force exerted on one of
the cogs could exert the greatest effect on all the cogs.
In the human biological frame these critical points also exist, how many of us have
tripped over a stone? One critical point can affect the whole of our mechanism
Critical Point Even a toothpick could grind the mechanism to a halt
©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

because of the interconnectedness of our tensegrity members in the soft tissues of the
body.
In the human body, there are many anatomical vulnerable sites where a small force
can exert considerable damage, even death. In budo warrior craft, these points were
studied to gain victory in a fight situation. Even when a person wears armour,
vulnerable places are left exposed at the expense of movement.
Hatsumi teaches the vulnerability of these critical points in the body in his lessons on
Budo. In Japanese, they are called Kyusho and the Kanji or Japanese ideogram for
the word critical is interpreted as meaning danger or opportunity.
In the medicine Hatsumi taught us, he demonstrated the potential opportunity for
these Kyusho to bring about wellness in the body.
By observing motion of a person as they walk he can determine which tensegrity lines
of the soft tissues are compromised. On evaluation, our Orthopaedic tests and muscle
tests verify these findings in a clinical setting.
By applying, a pressure to the compromised Kyusho with an omni directional
flexibility that is delivered by his bodies Tai Jutsu, (Natural Movement) he releases
the critical point.
This pressure does not act locally on the tissue or follow a specific anatomical route
along muscles or fascia. It follows to the depth of the tissue change and can act in a
non-linear dynamic way that matches the tension/compression changes to the
damaged tissue. This is brought about by the ability to palpate deeply into tissue
without force feedback being a resistant force.

Scientific research by Oshman, J. in 1990 has shown that pressure applied to tissue
can affect the viscosity turning a sol back to gel. This has the effect of reducing a
restriction to a moveable structure instantly.
Hatsumi Sensei explained to us, thousands of years ago before pathology of organs
was understood; Ampuka relied totally on tactile feelings. The natural ability derived
from natural movement allows you to follow the directional pathway of a restriction
and angle your thumb to become a fulcrum for change.
In the art of Shinden, he told us that our energy or intent must come from the heart to
our thumb to instigate the change. My initial understanding of this concept was to be
sincere and benevolent or your intent to initiate healing in the client.
This omni directional palpation is described by him as a feeling from the heart of man
and described in an ideogram calligraphy he drew for me.
“Shin Kokoro Kara Ose”
Press from your heart to your thumb.

Although this is important, more recent research has demonstrated that the heart is the
main generator of electricity in the body in the form of energy. Science also tells us
that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted.
This heart feel is the essence of Shin Den applied through the fingers of the therapist
to the critical point requiring this energy conversion. Your touch can actually inject a
behavioural message or intent into the restricted tissue to help disassemble lesion
patterns.
You can create instantaneous elicitation in tissue through the connective tissue matrix.
Your anatomical, functional and palpatory assessments allow for both a precise yet
global pressure technique.

The is the key to the Heritage of Hatsumi’s lineage of knowledge applied as a therapy.
The essence of Amatsu is to be able to detect and influence these Kyusho to bring
about change in the bodies physiology.
The science of Biotensegrity can demonstrate the dynamic and potentials of this
approach to a natural therapy. This approach has been protected and handed down as
a lineage for three thousand years.

“To know the patterns is subtle power. The subtle power moves all things and
has no name.” Hawkins. D, Power Vs Force (2002)
A ninja’s duty is surely to sneak into the world of science and ensure that it is
the servant, not the master. Hatsumi (2004) Way of the Ninja p127
Hatsumi Sensei has now passed this feeling and philosophy on to us as a heritage to
help mankind.

I have studied many systems that employ soft tissues for release of anatomical lesions.
Massage, soft tissue manipulation and ligamentous articular balancing all employ soft
tissues and ligaments in altering the pulls or stress patterns in the body.
The unique approach of Amatsu in utilising body positioning behind the contact point
makes it a powerful and dynamic method of correction.
He explained to us that techniques are born from the circumstances of the situation.
He summed it up with the following statement:

“The spirit and feeling of a technique are more important than the mechanical
ways to achieve it”. Hatsumi Lectures.
He told us that without this skill you are only pressing, in Japanese this is called a
Shiatsu, to finger press.

Its Tai Jutsu and your feeling that differentiate it from pressing to being therapeutic.
You must be able to palpate deeply and influence the directional route of the lesion.
This is the ageless heritage that brings the wellness from the person.
Takamatsu sensei: “if people remain healthy throughout their life, are
right-minded and neither rush nor are late in their actions, the natural
result is a ticket to paradise, and this also becomes a way for joining
together and uniting”

In the visceral approach, you are focussing on the tension of fascia around the organs.
We need to integrate the concept of one point approach to a tensegrous structure
changing sol to gel in the tissue matrix.
Your tactile evaluation around the anatomical location of the organs can also
determine the pulls that influence the organ restriction. With this information, you can follow lines of tension to identify other structures in the lesion stack. This helps
to identify the priority structure creating the problem. At this site or Kyusho your one
point contact, angle and body movement can create the fulcrum to dissipate the lesion
stack.

Once our anatomy and Tai Jutsu are developed, the skill you develop is addressed in
Hatsumi’s words: UNDERSTAND, GOOD, PLAY!
The Scientist knows that in the history of ideas, magic always precedes
science, that the intuition of phenomena anticipates their objective knowledge.
Gauguelin 1974.

In every culture and in every medical tradition before ours, healing was
accomplished by moving energy. Albert Szent-GyÖrgyi (1960)
Pictogram of “Nin” by Massaki Hatsumi.
Translate to mean, “To endure, to persevere.”

BIBLOGRAPHY:

Castaneda, Carlos. Readers of Infinity

Deman, Thomas. M.D. Spine state of the Art reviews.

Gaugeulin

Gyorgyi, Szent. Albert

Hatsumi. M, Dr. The Way of the Ninja

Hawkins, David R., 1995 Power vs Force

Lovelock, J. 1979 GAIA New look at life on earth.

Oshman, J. 2000 Energy Medicine, The Scientific Basis.

Schauberger,. Victor.

Takamatsu. Sensei

LIVE LECTURES:

Hatsumi. M. Dr. 1995, 2003

Levin. S, Dr. 2005

Oschman. J, 2005

PHOTOGRAPHS:

Flemings. T.

Levin. S, Dr. www.biotensegrity.com

Snelson. K, www.kenethsnelson.net [http://www.kenethsnelson.net]

All of the above are tensegrous strut structures.
Take care of your body. It's the only place you have to live.

©Copyright Dennis Bartram November 2004 Updated April 2005

Here are some suggestions for improving your online experience.

1) Investigate creative learning techniques.

These are techniques that make you think a little more and dig a little deeper while studying. Google creative learning and creative studying and see what you find.

Here are a few suggestions:

a) Free association: Think of what organs, tissues, bones, etc. remind you of. If you can remember how that part of the body is used to do something humorous or sexual you won't forget where it is or what it is.

b) Make flash cards but instead of just memorizing the words, place them into groups of things that go together, be it because they are part of the same system or physiological pathway or are related to the same illness. Try grouping them in different ways.

c) Practice explaining what you are learning as if a middle school age kid would have to understand it. This will help you simplify it and remember what are the most important facts or steps.

d) Approach your study as if every bit of it is fascinating and the potential for a great story. Think of what movie star the pancreas would be, what kind of clothes the lungs would wear, which bone would prefer to be joined to a different bone and why. Sounds silly, but if you add humor and interest to studying, you will have more fun and retain more.

e) Use the arts. Make collages of pictures of what you are studying. Draw lines linking them with an explanation of the connection written on the line. Look for music or poetry about your topic. Write your own! Pretend different parts or organs are people and write scripts for them to interact with nearby parts or organs.

2) Schedule your study time.

Just because the professor isn't looking at you, it doesn't mean they won't know whether you are studying or not, listening or not or actually sitting in front of your computer or not. They'll know by your work and your grades.

3) Create a study group.

Hook up with other students via your professor or by posting notices near the classrooms where A&P lecture is taught. You may well be required to attend a traditional lab setting once a week for the laboratory portion of your class and that will offer lots of opportunities to meet potential study partners.

4) Use the Internet.

Try Googling a body system, part or disease. Look for websites with interactive games and quizzes. You can also find videos of animations and lectures on YouTube.

Conversational Hypnosis is the convenance of inducing anesthetic trances through the focused abilities abstruse in language, accent and suggestion. The primary cold is to abet a abstraction in adjustment to accomplish a motivated aftereffect or ability a specific purpose; for archetype affluence affecting pain, enhance health, and advance a happier life.

The abilities a lot of appropriate of you as the astrologer are to adept a arresting acceptance system, advance a accord with your accountable above rapport, apprentice the foundations of anesthetic accent and advanced anesthetic language, advance ascendancy strategies, admit affecting triggers, abort attrition as able-bodied as become accomplished in communicative induction, communicative abstraction formulas and advanced anatomy control.

All of these abilities will advice you attain the accomplished akin of success in communicative analgesic and accomplish a bigger activity for your capacity as able-bodied as for yourself.

Signal acceptance systems are the foundation in analgesic training from which you will alpha to see if a accountable is entering a anesthetic trance. These abilities will abettor you in aperture your senses to the signs accustomed by your accountable if acceptable hypnotized.

Signal acceptance will save you time in that you will be able to bound asses if your accountable is in abstraction instead of application accidental time to allocution you accountable into hypnosis. You will apprentice to see, apprehend and feel if humans are responding to you hypnotically.

This accomplishment will as well acquiesce you to see those about you affective in and out of anesthetic trances produced accustomed by their environments. The arresting acceptance arrangement is important to adept and abide to abstraction as it is a bulk fundamental accomplishment you will use throughout your abstraction and convenance of hypnosis.

Everyday we advance affinity with people, friends, ancestors and strangers. In communicative analgesic it is important to apprentice to move on above the accustomed constraints of archetypal affinity and to advance added relationships with your subjects.

In analgesic you and your accountable are developing an affectionate accord that allows you as the astrologer into your subject of mind, to accept and ultimately ascendancy assertive thoughts through advancement and language.

In adjustment to accomplish this you accept to go above affinity and actualize an acute affiliation that allows your accountable the benumbed abandon to do something artlessly because it pleases them to amuse you.

This can be advised an aberrant or skewed accord in that the accountable allows you into their apple and will chase your advance through the conversations, accent and suggestions you accord to them. This is a actual able and different connection.

Conversational Hypnosis is just that, there is an art to the accent you as the astrologer charge to master. Part of this accomplishment is begin in anesthetic accent foundation and advanced anesthetic language. The capital abstraction is that communicative analgesic is accomplished through language.

You charge to apprentice how to appearance the chat you are accepting with your accountable in a way that makes the words you allege themselves hypnotic, causing your capacity perception to set off into anesthetic accompaniment that responds to you in anesthetic ways. This accomplishment should get able focus from you as you adept analgesic techniques.

In the accent you use for analgesic you will as well wish to advance your ascendancy strategy. Ascendancy action is a tactic that is appropriate in adjustment to be a acknowledged hypnotist.

It allows you to byword suggestions in a way that the acquainted perception of your accountable responds, after this accomplishment you will not be able to attain your goals as a hypnotist.

The ascendancy action gives your accountable the will and wants to backpack out your anesthetic suggestions, if you are not the ascendancy aural their abstraction the accountable will not accept to your suggestions. This accomplishment is fundamental as it will be a ample section of the addle that will abettor in your success as a astrologer and acquiesce you to accomplish your goals in hypnotism.

Emotional triggers are the way to your subject of benumbed responses, already you apprentice to ascendancy affecting triggers you will accept the ability to ascendancy the pictures and animosity that administer a capacity perception and ultimately change their life.

This accomplishment will accord you admission to pictures and animosity from aural your capacity mind. As you absolute this accomplishment you will be able to be able to adapt animosity that advance to a healthier, happier, and added accomplishing activity for your subject. This will abettor in your cold to actualize advantageous and admirable beatitude for those who attain your services.

In communicative analgesic there is generally attrition and this brings us to the next fundamental accomplishment you will charge to acquire. How you as the astrologer will abort this resistance, the a lot of accepted way getting through the cogent of stories.

Destroying attrition through adventure cogent involves you acceptable the adventure teller to bypass the minds accepted clarification systems that acquaint a person, "this is not right", or "this can not be happening". Already you accept baffled adventure cogent that will actualize a anesthetic abstraction you will be accustomed into your capacity perception to abode new ideas, perceptions and thoughts ambidextrous with their lives and how they ultimately reside them.

Conversational Hypnosis will crave you to as well apprentice how to accord anon with the benumbed mind; this is done through communicative inductions. This abstraction is a way to codify how to abet a abstraction through conversation, the absolute bulk of communicative hypnosis.

Conversational consecration will accommodate you with the accomplishment of affective from accustomed accent into a communicative anesthetic consecration with ease. In accomplishing this you will again be ambidextrous anon with the benumbed perception of your accountable which is what your job as a astrologer is ultimately all about.

This address will advise you to cast chat that sounds absolutely accustomed to others into something abundant added acute for you and your subject; this in itself will yield a admirable bulk of compassionate and skill.

Conversational abstraction formulas are ascendant in the art of hypnosis. These are formulas that will get you absolutely area and what you wish from your subject. Getting your accountable into a abstraction appear actual calmly to you but again area do you go from there, this is area communicative abstraction formulas are required.

The formulas consist of the P-CAT formula, which is used for personal change in a subject. This is handy for those rough days, bad times in relationships and even when ending a relationship

The COMILA blueprint is acclimated mainly for persuading and influencing people. This blueprint is accessible to humans in their professions such as influencing an alone to wish to learn, sales, education, administration as able-bodied as for accepted inspiration.

Next in the account of accessible formulas is the LIFE checklist. This is a account developed to advice you perceive you are in fact affianced in a anesthetic conversation. The LIFE analysis account consists of four accomplish that will advice you analyze bound and calmly that analgesic is underway.

Conversational Hypnosis will as well crave you to adept such techniques as "future memories" and "stacking realities". Approaching memories are memories you abode in your beguiled subject of perception that accept not taken abode yet.

The ambition is that they will become memories as the capacity benumbed brings them to their acquainted perception as contest that accept already happened. The art in this is to accomplish the approaching an amnesis so acute that the benumbed perception will wish the an amnesis to accept happened and eventually chase your advancement to accomplish the an amnesis a absolute instance that has happened in the past.

"Stacking realities" and "accidental abstraction identification" are added techniques that advice hypnotists to blooper accomplished the attrition and arrest aural a capacity perception that anticipate hypnosis.

Advanced anatomy ascendancy will as well be ascendant to master. This is the art of arch all your anesthetic interactions in the administration you desire. After this accomplishment you will not be able to ascendancy the administration of conversation, arrest your ambition of creating a added peaceful, happy, advantageous mindset for your subjects. All of these strategies, already mastered, will advice you in the affluence of your communicative hypnosis.

There are abounding exciting and abundant abilities complex in acceptable a acknowledged communicative hypnotist, while this advice may accept cutting at aboriginal it is just a aftertaste of the able abilities that you will adore perfecting as you accept your role as a hypnotist.

Once mastered many of these skills will provide you with a life time of learning and development personally and professionally, as well as help you to change lives for the better.

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However, the claim of a transition from water to land is no more than a dream, because the physiological gulfs between terrestrial animals and fish cannot be overcome by any of the fictitious mechanisms of the theory of evolution. The latest attempt to make Tiktaalik roseae fit this scenario, which is supported out of blind devotion to the theory of evolution and rests on no scientific evidence whatsoever, is based on preconceptions and intentional misinterpretation. The facts the Darwinist media have concealed in their Tiktaalik roseae propaganda are set out below.

Tiktaalik roseae: A mosaic life form which is no evidence for evolution

There are three well-preserved fossil specimens of Tiktaalik roseae. Some 3 meters long, the creature exhibits various mosaic characteristics. (Mosaic life forms contain features belonging to different groups of life forms.) As in fish, it has fins and scales. Features such as its flat head, mobile neck and relatively powerful rib structure are found in terrestrial animals. The creature, whose name is derived from the Inuit language Inuktitut and means "a large, shallow-water fish," also has bones in its pectoral fins. Evolutionists distort these mosaic properties according to their own preconceptions and maintain that the animal is a transitional form between fish and terrestrial life forms.

Mosaic life forms, however, are very far from being the intermediate forms required by the theory of evolution. The present-day Platypus that lives in Australia, for instance, is a mosaic creature that possesses mammalian, reptilian and avian features at one and the same time. But nothing about it constitutes any evidence for the theory of evolution. Mosaic life forms are not what evolutionists need to find in order to back up their claims; they need to find "intermediate forms," which would have to be with deficient, only half-formed and not fully functional organs. Yet every one of the organs possessed by mosaic creatures is complete and flawless. They have no semi-developed organs, and there are no fossil series that can be proposed as evidence that they evolved from some other life forms.

The theory of evolution hypothesizes that a process based on random mutations, in other words on chance, took place. According to this claim, the millions of living species on Earth must have evolved from a vast number of intermediate forms, all subjected to chance mutations, and as a result had deformed, abnormal structures, and the fossils of these so-called intermediate forms should have been found. To put it another way, the fossil record should be overflowing with the remains of life forms that can only be described as freaks of nature. However, this is known not to be the case. When species emerge, they do so suddenly, with all their distinguishing features fully developed, and with no series of freaks among them. In his 1999 book Fossils and Evolution, Tom Kemp, curator of Zoological Collections at the Oxford University Museum, describes the position as follows:

In virtually all cases a new taxon appears for the first time in the fossil record with most definitive features already present, and practically no known stem-group forms. (Tom Kemp, Fossils and Evolution, Oxford University, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 246)

The general picture concealed by evolutionists

Evolutionists attempt to give the impression that fossils actually support the idea of evolution. Yet the "missing link" concept is one that has been invented solely in the light of the needs of the theory of evolution and has no counterpart in the fossil record itself. The lack of fossil links alleged to connect species to one another has been known ever since Darwin's time. Excavations by paleontologists since Darwin's day have also failed to resolve this situation, which represents such a grave impasse for the theory of evolution and, on the contrary, have further confirmed the absence of any missing links among living groups.

E. R. Leach, author of the book Rethinking Anthropology, wrote this in his article in Nature:

Missing links in the sequence of fossil evidence were a worry to Darwin. He felt sure they would eventually turn up, but they are still missing and seem likely to remain so. (E. R. Leach; Nature, 293: 19, 1981)

A. S. Romer, one of the most eminent paleontologists of his time, said this on the subject:

"Links" are missing just where we most fervently desire them [to point to a transition between species] and it is all too probable that many "links" will continue to be missing. (A. S. Romer, in Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution, 1963, p. 114)

David B. Kitts, professor of geology and the history of science at the University of Oklahoma admits the absence of the intermediate forms required by the theory of evolution:

Evolution requires intermediate forms between species and paleontology does not provide them. (David B. Kitts, "Paleontology and Evolutionary Theory," Evolution, Vol. 28, September 1974, p. 467)

The picture that emerges from the fossil record is completely compatible with creation. The record reveals that living things appeared suddenly and lived for long periods of time without undergoing any change at all. These facts can clearly be seen in an evaluation of evolution's fossil impasse by the American paleontologist R. Wesson in his 1991 book Beyond Natural Selection. Stating that the gaps in the record are real, Wesson goes on to say that the absence of a record of any evolutionary branching is quite phenomenal. Species are usually static for long periods. Species and genera never show evolution into new species or genera but are replaced by another, and change is usually abrupt. (R. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991, p. 45)

Some 250,000 fossil species have been collected to date, and there is absolutely no trace of intermediate forms in any of them. Evolutionists are behaving irrationally and unscientifically by ignoring this and embarking on campaigns of missing link propaganda.

The Error of Biological Inference from Skeletal Remains

When the bodies of vertebrates are fossilized, they generally leave no remains behind apart from bones. However, bones leave traces of only a very limited part of vertebrate biology, about 1%. When evolutionists begin interpreting the fossil remains of an organism, most of the information about its biology has been lost. Evolutionists, with almost no information concerning the organism's soft tissue biology "fill" the gap in their knowledge according to the demands of the theory of evolution, which they have adopted as a dogma long beforehand.

The intermediate form claims that evolutionists produce solely by looking at bones is no more than vague conjecture. In his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, the molecular biologist Michael Denton makes the situation very clear:

Because soft biology of extinct groups can never be known with any certainty then obviously the status of even the most convincing intermediates is bound to be insecure. (Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Burnett Books: London, 1985, p. 180)

Even the most convincing appearing intermediate forms for evolutionists can subsequently let them down very badly. One excellent example of this is the Coelacanth phenomenon.

Sensational reports show that evolutionists have learned nothing from the Coelacanth phenomenon

As with the latest fossil Tiktaalik roseae, the Coelacanth is a fish that evolutionists once fondly imagined to be a missing link in the transition from water to land. Evolutionists examined 400-million-year-old fossil Coelacanths, which was once believed to be extinct, and drew a number of evolutionary conclusions from the remains. For example, they maintained that the bony structures in its fins were feet that helped the animal walk across the sea floor, and they also claimed that it possessed primitive lungs. The important point here is this: All these assumptions were made in the absence of any information about the Coelacanth's soft tissue biology.

The erroneous nature of producing evolutionary fantasies in the absence of any information about the animal's soft tissues emerged following an important discovery in 1938. A living Coelacanth was caught, showing that it was not, as had previously been thought, an extinct life form at all. Furthermore, many more living specimens were caught in subsequent years. Evolutionists immediately set about examining the fish's anatomy and way of moving in its natural environment, and saw that the missing link assumptions they had ascribed to it were completely incorrect. The fish, which they had assumed to live in shallow waters and to move by crawling over the seabed, actually lived at depths of around 180 meters, and they also observed that its fins never made contact with the seabed at all. The structure they imagined to be an evolving lung turned out to be a fat-filled swim bladder that had nothing to do with respiration whatsoever.

The realization that the Coelacanth, which had once seemed such a convincing-looking intermediate form for evolutionists, was just an ordinary species of fish clearly shows that the intermediate form claim being made about this latest fossil is also based entirely on uncertainties and speculation, because it, too, is based on imaginative interpretation of soft tissues from the fossilized remains of an extinct life form. In short, the ongoing propaganda through the media is based on nothing more than the exaggeration of scientifically vague information in the light of evolutionist dreams.

Evolutionists' missing link propaganda actually works against their own claims

Whenever a discovery is depicted as a missing link, the evolutionist media always give the impression that a most extraordinary finding has been made, whereas this actually conflicts with their claims regarding the truth of evolution.

Were the theory of evolution true, then the geological strata would be full of fossil intermediates, and their numbers would be far greater than that of all the species living today or that ever lived in the past. Therefore, the discovery of missing links would be such a routine matter that it would have no news value at all.

Alternatively, if, as evolutionists claim, there were as much evidence for evolution as there is for the force of gravity, then reporting on missing link discoveries would be as nonsensical as reporting on a stone thrown into the air falling back to the ground. In the same way that we would regard a news report along the lines of "We threw a stone into the air and it actually fell back to Earth" as utterly insignificant, so we would regard reports reading "Paleontologists have discovered a new missing link" as equally insignificant. In short, if evolution were a "fact," there would be no need for any missing link propaganda at all.

The evolutionary series in which Tiktaalik roseae has been placed is based solely on preconception

One can see in some newspapers that the latest fossil has been inserted as an intermediate form between Acanthostega and Eusthenopteron. By doing this, evolutionists are seeking to give the impression that the fossil record supports evolutionary transitions and that the evidence for this is mounting up with every passing day. The fact is though that these series represent no evidence that the organisms in question evolved at all. For example, laying out a row of screwdrivers in order of size does not show that they are all descended from one another.

In fact there is no known evolutionary line of descent from Eusthenopteron to Tiktaalik roseae or from Tiktaalik roseae to Acanthostega. These life forms are separated from one another by morphological gulfs based on profound differences and millions of years of time. Evolutionists reveal only their own prejudices with the series into which they place Tiktaalik roseae. Henry Gee, editor of the journal Nature and also a paleontologist, admits that "missing links" and evolutionary series are the work of preconceptions:

New fossil discoveries are fitted into this pre-existing story. We call these new discoveries "missing links", as if the chain of ancestry and descent were a real object for our contemplation, and not what it really is: a completely human invention created after the fact, shaped to accord with human prejudices. . . . Each fossil represents an isolated point, with no knowable connection to any other given fossil, and all float around in an overwhelming sea of gaps. (Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time, Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, p. 32)

(For information on the invalidity of evolutionist claims regarding Acanthostega and Eusthenopteron see, http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/natural_history_1_07.html)

The myth of the transition from water to land: an illusory and dogmatic claim

The theory of evolution maintains that change in living things is based on the selection of beneficial differences among those produced by random mutations. However, it is a known fact that mutations have no power to cause anything to evolve by adding new information to living things' DNA. Mutations damage the genetic information in living things' DNA, producing effects that leave them deformed or dead. That is because the DNA sequences are exceedingly sensitive, and the effect on these of any mutation based on chance can only be harmful. For example, no random changes to the letters comprising a manual for an electronic device will turn it into a novel; it will merely damage the information in that manual. In the same way, it is totally impossible for mutations in a fish's DNA to acquire it a powerful skeletal structure capable of weight-bearing, to construct temperature regulating systems or systems for the use of water (involving such a complex organ as the kidney), or to cause gills to turn into lungs.

It is clear that if a fish does not undergo rapid change in different ways, such as in terms of its respiratory system, excretory mechanism and skeletal structure, it will inevitably die. Such a chain of mutations must take place that it must immediately acquire the fish a lung, turn its fins into legs, add a kidney onto it, and provide its skin with a water retaining structure. Systems of such vital importance to the animal either have to change instantaneously, or else not at all. Such a change is impossible through evolution, which is proposed as a chance-based and aimless process. Any rationally thinking person can see that the only possible explanation is to accept that fish and terrestrial life forms were created independently.

In short, the scenario of a "transition from water to land" is at a complete dead-end. Evolutionists have no consistent fossil evidence they can point to. In her book Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution, the evolutionist paleontologist Barbara J. Stahl writes:

. . . [N]one of the known fishes is thought to be directly ancestral to the earliest land vertebrates. Most of them lived after the first amphibians appeared, and those that came before show no evidence of developing the stout limbs and ribs that characterized the tetrapods." (Barbara J. Stahl, Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution, Dover, 1985, p. 148)

Conclusion: Evolutionists have to realize they will never get anywhere with outmoded propaganda techniques left over from Adolf Hitler

As has been demonstrated, the "missing link" notion is an unscientific one with no factual counterpart in the fossil record and used solely because of the requirements of the theory of evolution. The way that the Darwinist media cling so strongly to the idea is a method they resort to in order to spread their own ideologies among the public. Evolutionists have no evidence with which to spread their theory, which is the greatest scientific deception in history. All they can do in the face of the collapse, one by one, of such fossils as the Coelacanth and Archaeopteryx, and equine series once defended as evidences of evolution, consists of frequently and loudly ensuring that the missing link fraud is kept on the public agenda.

All these endeavors are a propaganda technique, as described in the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's statement that a lie would be believed by many if repeated loudly and often enough.

Evolutionists must accept the fact that paleontology demolishes their theory, and must realize that constantly repeating their missing link tales will not alter the fact in the slightest.

The human body's height is about 7.5 heads high but kids have much larger heads in proportion to their body and this depends on their age. There is a difference in gender, women are slightly elongated in the leg department and men have broader shoulders with narrower hips. If you are drawing cartoons, any of these forms and proportions can be exaggerated for great effect.

The skeleton is the real basic structure of the body including animals. Over 200 bones connected by muscle and sinew - unless your spinal column has been fused a few times. Not all animals have bones and those mammals that do are varied in number.

In the 20th Century there have been several well-known anatomy teachers of human and animal forms. Burne Hogarth and George Bridgeman were masters of life drawing with their intimate knowledge of anatomy. They are worth studying. Their personal contribution to American art is exemplary.

Both theses masters built their forms using interlocking "blocks" to show the "volume" and depth. Adopting this method allows you to make your figures three-dimensional or, as Hogarth states, "Puts the form into deep space" giving it individuality. Also this will enable you to foreshorten by adding the correct perspective.

Using the block method has a drawback for the beginner in that it will lack life even with the correct perspective. It will also be void of spontaneity and individuality which is really what you might call comatose or dead. Your aim should be to create an emotive quality, in other words you have to communicate to your target audience these qualities, otherwise it is just another dull poster.

How do you put life into your drawings? It will develop with a lot of practice but the emotional quality only comes from within you, spiritually. It is basically having a mental image picture of the form you are drawing in front of you and "feeling" the form. It is the opposite of what Bridgeman called "being too tight" and so your approach should be fast and lose to obtain results that will have an emotional impact on your audience.